Keep learning everyday and enhance knowledge ever

''Knowledge''

The knowledge essentially fulfill  the various needs as well as desires like money,power,name and fame of human being.

Knowledge provides ability to listen,understand,analyze and generate  intelligent decisive thoughts. 

With the help of knowledge people can have good health,wealth and better life.

From: Vrity Tarun Aseri 

Solar Refrigeration - Need to impliment

How it Works?

solar-powered refrigeration system employs a PV panel, vapor compressor, thermal storage and reservoir, and electronic controls. The process that makes the refrigeration possible is the conversion of sunlight into DC electrical power, achieved by the PV panel. The DC electrical power drives the compressor to circulate refrigerant through a vapor compression refrigeration loop that extracts heat from an insulated enclosure. This enclosure includes the thermal reservoir and a phase change material. This material freezes as heat is extracted from the enclosure. This process effectively creates an “ice pack,” enabling temperature maintenance inside the enclosure in the absence of sunlight.

Proper sizing of the highly insulated cabinet, phase change thermal storage, variable speed compressor, and solar PV panel allow the refrigerator to stay cold all year long. To optimize the conversion of solar power into stored thermal energy, a compressor control method fully exploits the available energy. Other power optimization measures include:

• Smoothing the power voltage via a capacitor, providing additional current during compressor start-up
• Monitoring the rate of change of the smoothed power voltage using a controller to determine if the compressor is operating below or above the available power maximum, enabling adjustment of the compressor speed if necessary
• Replacing the capillary tube in the refrigerator system with an expansion valve, improving energy efficiency in certain operating conditions

These adjustments to the compressor operation contribute to the conversion of the majority of the available solar power into stored thermal energy. Applications may include a cold side water loop or incorporation of the evaporator into the thermal storage. Electronic controls also can be added to provide backup power from an alternative power source such as an electric grid.

Why it is better?

The standard use of AC electricity supplied by the electric utility to power a single-speed vapor compression cooling system in a moderately insulated cabinet ties refrigerators to an electric grid and limits where they can be used. This prohibits their use in off-grid applications and maintains a dependence on fossil fuels for power. For these reasons, the demand for solar appliances of all kinds is increasing. 

However, other existing solar refrigerators use batteries, presenting a number of disadvantages. Batteries add expense, and their use and disposal cause undesirable maintenance and environmental consequences. Heat-driven cooling systems, such as absorption cycle, can also be solar powered, but their thermodynamic efficiency is not as good as vapor compression, they require more complex solar collectors, and they do not scale down in size as well.

Creo Elements/Pro (Formerly known as a Pro/Engineer)

Creo, PTC’s design software, enables companies to unlock potential within their organizations

Creo, PTC’s new family of design software, is built to solve chronic problems that have long plagued companies that use CAD software. Creo will deliver four breakthrough technologies that address the lingering challenges of usability, interoperability, technology lock-in and assembly management. By addressing the big unsolved problems in design software, Creo enables companies to unlock potential within their organizations by unleashing creativity, facilitating teamwork, increasing efficiency and ultimately realizing value.

CAPP

INTRODUCTION

Process planning translates design information into the process steps and instructions to efficiently and effectively manufacture products. As the design process is supported by many computer-aided tools, computer-aided process planning (CAPP) has evolved to simplify and improve process planning and achieve more effective use of manufacturing resources.

PROCESS PLANNING

Process planning encompasses the activities and functions to prepare a detailed set of plans and instructions to produce a part. The planning begins with engineering drawings, specifications, parts or material lists and a forecast of demand. The results of the planning are:

• Routings which specify operations, operation sequences, work centers, standards, tooling and fixtures.This routing becomes a major input to the manufacturing resource planning system to define operations for production activity control purposes and define required resources for capacity requirements planning purposes.
• Process plans which typically provide more detailed,step-by-step work instructions including dimensions related to individual operations, machining parameters, set-up instructions, and quality assurance checkpoints.
• Fabrication and assembly drawings to support manufacture (as opposed to engineering drawings to define the part).

Manual process planning is based on a manufacturing engineer's experience and knowledge of production facilities,equipment, their capabilities, processes, and tooling. Process planning is very time-consuming and the results vary based on the person doing the planning.

COMPUTER-AIDED PROCESS PLANNING

Manufacturers have been pursuing an evolutionary path to improve and computerize process planning in the following five stages:

Stage I - Manual classification; standardized process plans Stage II - Computer maintained process plans Stage III - Variant CAPP Stage IV - Generative CAPP Stage V - Dynamic, generative CAPP

CAPP BENEFITS

Significant benefits can result from the implementation of CAPP. In a detailed survey of twenty-two large and small companies using generative-type CAPP systems, the following estimated cost savings were achieved:

• 58% reduction in process planning effort
• 10% saving in direct labor
• 4% saving in material
• 10% saving in scrap
• 12% saving in tooling
• 6% reduction in work-in-process

In addition, there are intangible benefits as follows:

• Reduced process planning and production leadtime; faster response to engineering changes
• Greater process plan consistency; access to up-to-date information in a central database
• Improved cost estimating procedures and fewer calculation errors
• More complete and detailed process plans
• Improved production scheduling and capacity utilization
• Improved ability to introduce new manufacturing technology and rapidly update process plans to utilize the improved technology

If you are interested in Manufacturing planning and control system, then check below linked ppt.

http://www.me.metu.edu.tr/courses/me445/Assets/lecture%20notes/ch8%20Manufacturing%20Planning%20and%20Control%20Systems.ppt.

3D scanner

A 3D scanner is a device that analyzes a real-world object or environment to collect data on its shape and possibly its appearance (i.e. color). The collected data can then be used to construct digital, three dimensional models useful for a wide variety of applications. These devices are used extensively by the entertainment industry in the production of movies and video games. Other common applications of this technology include industrial design, orthotics and prosthetics, reverse engineering and prototyping, quality control/inspection and documentation of cultural artifacts.

Many different technologies can be used to build these 3D scanning devices; each technology comes with its own limitations, advantages and costs. It should be remembered that many limitations in the kind of objects that can be digitized are still present: for example optical technologies encounter many difficulties with shiny, mirroring or transparent objects.

There are however methods for scanning shiny objects, such as covering them with a thin layer of white powder that will help more light photons to reflect back to the scanner. Laser scanners can send trillions of light photons toward an object and only receive a small percentage of those photons back via the optics that they use. The reflectivity of an object is based upon the object's color. A white surface will reflect lots of light and a black surface will reflect only a small amount of light. Transparent objects such as glass will only refract the light and give false three dimensional information.

Computer Integrated Manufacturing

Definition

Computer Integrated Manufacturing, known as CIM, is the phrase used to describe the complete automation of a manufacturing plant, with all processes functioning under computer control and digital information tying them together. It was promoted by machine tool manufacturers in the 1980's and the Society for Manufacturing Engineers (CASA/SME). Quite often it was mistaken for the concept of a "lights out" factory. It includes CAD/CAM, computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing, CAPP, computer-aided process planning, CNC, computer numerical control machine tools, DNC, direct numerical control machine tools, FMS, flexible machining systems, ASRS, automated storage and retrieval systems, AGV, automated guided vehicles, use of robotics and automated conveyance, computerized scheduling and production control, and a business system integrated by a common data base.

The heart of computer integrated manufacturing is CAD/CAM. Computer-aided design(CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing(CAM) systems are essential to reducing cycle times in the organization. CAD/CAM is a high technology integrating tool between design and manufacturing. CAD techniques make use of group technology to create similar geometries for quick retrieval. Electronic files replace drawing rooms. CAD/CAM integrated systems provide design/drafting, planning and scheduling, and fabrication capabilities. CAD provides the electronic part images, and CAM provides the facility for toolpath cutters to take on the raw piece.

The computer graphics that CAD provides allows designers to create electronic images which can be portrayed in two dimensions, or as a three dimensional solid component or assembly which can be rotated as it is viewed. Advanced software programs can analyze and test designs before a prototype is made. Finite element analysis programs allow engineers to predict stress points on a part, and the effects of loading.

Once a part has been designed, the graphics can be used to program the tool path to machine the part. When integrated with an NC postprocessor, the NC program that can be used in a CNC machine is produced. The design graphics can also be used to design tools and fixtures, and for inspections by coordinate measuring machines. The more downstream use that is made of CAD, the more time that is saved in the overall process.

Generative process planning is an advanced generation of CAD/CAM. This uses a more powerful software program to develop a process plan based on the part geometry, the number of parts to be made, and information about facilities in the plant. It can select the best tool and fixture, and it can calculate cost and time.

Flexible machining systems (FMS) are extensions of group technology and cellular manufacturing concepts. Using integrated CAD/CAM; parts can be designed and programmed in half the time it would normally take to do the engineering. The part programs can be downloaded to a CNC machining center under the control of an FMS host computer. The FMS host can schedule the CNC and the parts needed to perform the work.